Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of Voiceless palatal lateral fricative, exploring its origins, evolution and relevance today. From its beginnings to the present, Voiceless palatal lateral fricative has played a fundamental role in various areas, impacting the lives of millions of people around the world. Along these lines, we will unravel the most relevant aspects related to Voiceless palatal lateral fricative, analyzing its influence on society, culture and science. Likewise, we will examine the various perspectives and opinions that exist around Voiceless palatal lateral fricative, in order to provide a comprehensive and enriching vision on this topic.
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2018) |
| Voiceless palatal lateral fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 𝼆 | |||
| ʎ̥˔ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | 𝼆 | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1DF06 | ||
| |||
| Voiceless palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̥ | |
| IPA Number | 157 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L_0 |
The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages.
This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with .
The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021.
If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are K_-_j or K_-' and L_0_+_r, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊˔⟩ (devoiced and raised ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can be used.
Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bura | [example needed] | Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/. | |||
| Dahalo | 'leaf' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and | |||
| Faroese | kjálki | 'jaw' | Allophone of /l/. See Faroese phonology | ||
| Inupiaq | sikł̣aq | 'pickaxe' | Alveolo-palatal; also described as an approximant. Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | ||
| nuiŋił̣ł̣uni | 'because it did not appear' | ||||
| Kumeyaay | kałyəxwiiw | 'skunk' | Rare in word-initial position. Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | ||
| Norwegian | Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk | alt | 'everything, all' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk | tatle | 'acting silly' | According to some scholars, it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.) See Norwegian phonology | ||
| Turkish | dil | 'tongue' | Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Xumi | Lower | 'spirit' | Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/. | ||
| Upper | 'flavorless' | ||||
Notes
- ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ a b MacLean (1980), p. XX.
- ^ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
- ^ a b Langdon (1966), p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
- ^ Such as Vanvik (1979)
- ^ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017
- Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. 21–29, retrieved 20 December 2017
- Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
