Near-open front unrounded vowel
In today's world, Near-open front unrounded vowel has become a topic of great relevance and interest to people of all ages and backgrounds. The importance of Near-open front unrounded vowel has been increasing in recent years, as its influence extends to different aspects of daily life. Both on a personal and professional level, Near-open front unrounded vowel has generated debates, controversies and significant advances. In this article, we will explore in detail the importance of Near-open front unrounded vowel and its impact on today's society, analyzing its different facets and unraveling its relevance in different contexts.
| Near-open front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| æ | |||
| IPA Number | 325 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | æ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+00E6 | ||
| X-SAMPA | { | ||
| Braille |  | ||
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| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The rounded counterpart of , the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish; see open front rounded vowel for more information.
In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.
In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with ⟨ɛ⟩.
Features
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard | 'perd' | 'horse' | Allophone of /ɛ/, in some dialects, before /k χ l r/. See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Äiwoo | ikuwä | 'I go' | Distinguished from both and . | ||
| Arabic | Standard | كتاب / 'kitāb' | 'book' | Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology | |
| Azerbaijani | 'Azərbaycan' | 'Azerbaijan' | |||
| Bambam | 'bätä' | 'stem' | |||
| Bashkir | йәй / yäy | ⓘ | 'summer' | ||
| Bengali | এক/ek | 'one' | See Bengali phonology | ||
| Bulgarian | |||||
| Moesian dialects | млечен/mlečen | 'made from milk' | Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in places where Standard Bulgarian would have /ɛ/. See Yat. | ||
| Rup dialects | Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See Yat. | ||||
| Teteven dialect | мъж/măž | 'man' | In place of Standard Bulgarian (written as ъ). | ||
| Erkech dialect | |||||
| Catalan | Majorcan | tesi | 'thesis' | Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Valencian | |||||
| Chechen | аьрзу / ärzu | 'eagle' | |||
| Danish | Standard | dansk | 'Danish' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ – the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers. See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | pen | 'pen' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and coda /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology | ||
| English | Cultivated New Zealand | cat | ⓘ | 'cat' | Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology |
| General American | See English phonology | ||||
| Conservative Received Pronunciation | Fully open [a] in contemporary RP. See English phonology | ||||
| Estonian | väle | 'agile' | Near-front. See Estonian phonology | ||
| Finnish | mäki | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| French | Parisian | bain | 'bath' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology | |
| Quebec | ver | 'worm' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology | ||
| German | Standard Austrian | erlauben | 'allow' | Variant of pretonic [ɛɐ̯]. See Standard German phonology | |
| West Central German accents | oder | 'or' | Used instead of [ɐ]. See Standard German phonology | ||
| Northern accents | alles | 'everything' | Lower and often also more back in other accents. See Standard German phonology | ||
| Western Swiss accents | spät | 'late' | Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/. See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek | Macedonia | γάτα/gáta | 'cat' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Thessaly | |||||
| Thrace | |||||
| Pontic | καλάθια/kaláthia | 'baskets' | |||
| Hungarian | nem | 'no' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Kanoê | 'tobacco' | ||||
| Kazakh | әйел/äiel | 'woman' | Varies between near-open and open-mid. | ||
| Kurdish | Sorani (Central) | گاڵته/ galte | 'joke' | Equal to Palewani (Southern) front [a]. See Kurdish phonology | |
| Lakon | rävräv | 'evening' | |||
| Limburgish | twelf | 'twelve' | Front or near-front, depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front. | ||
| Lithuanian | jachtą | 'yacht' (accusative) | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Luxembourgish | Käpp | 'heads' | See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East | lær | 'leather' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | هشت/hašt | 'eight' | |||
| Portuguese | Some dialects | pedra | 'stone' | Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Some European speakers | também | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. | ||
| Romanian | Bukovinian dialect | piele | 'skin' | Corresponds to in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | пять / pjatʹ | ⓘ | 'five' | Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Zeta-Raška dialect | дан/dan | 'day' | Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised. | |
| Sinhala | ඇය/æya | 'she' | |||
| Slovak | mäso | 'meat, flesh' | In conversation sometimes pronounced as or . See Slovak phonology | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard | ära | ⓘ | 'hono(u)r' | Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology |
| Stockholm | läsa | 'to read' | Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher for other speakers | ||
| Turkish | sen | 'you' | Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞]. See Turkish phonology | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
- ^ Donaldson (1993:3)
- ^ Holes (2004:60)
- ^ Campbell (1991:5)
- ^ Berta (1998:183)
- ^ "Bengali romanization table" (PDF). Bahai Studies. Bahai Studies. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ a b Rafel (1999:14)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:32)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 129)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 128–129, 131)
- ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
- ^ Wells (1982:486)
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014:119–120)
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
- ^ a b Walker (1984:75)
- ^ a b Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:342)
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
- ^ a b c Newton (1972:11)
- ^ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Bacelar (2004:60)
- ^ François (2005:466)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ a b Peters (2006:119)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
- ^ Majidi & Ternes (1991)
- ^ Campbell (1995)
- ^ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
- ^ a b Okuka 2008, p. 171.
- ^ Perera & Jones (1919:5)
- ^ Eliasson (1986:273)
- ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
- ^ a b Riad (2014:38)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
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