Voiced bilabial fricative
In today's world, Voiced bilabial fricative has become a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide variety of people. Whether due to its impact on society, its relevance in the professional field or its role in history, Voiced bilabial fricative has captured the attention of individuals of all ages and backgrounds. As time progresses, the importance of understanding and deeply analyzing everything related to Voiced bilabial fricative becomes evident, since its influence transcends borders and encompasses multiple aspects of daily life. In this article, we will dive into the world of Voiced bilabial fricative to explore its various facets and discover its true impact on the world today.
| Voiced bilabial fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | |||
| IPA Number | 127 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | β | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+03B2 | ||
| X-SAMPA | B | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
| Voiced bilabial approximant | |
|---|---|
| β̞ | |
| ʋ̟ | |
| Audio sample | |
The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨β⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B. The official symbol ⟨β⟩ is the Greek letter beta.
This letter is also often used to represent the bilabial approximant, though that is more precisely written with a lowering diacritic, that is ⟨β̞⟩. That sound may also be transcribed as an advanced labiodental approximant ⟨ʋ̟⟩, in which case the diacritic is again frequently omitted, since no contrast is likely. It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨β⟩ (approximately 𐅸) or reversed ⟨β⟩ be used as a dedicated symbol for the bilabial approximant, but despite occasional usage this has not gained general acceptance.
It is extremely rare for a language to make a phonemic contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial approximant is analyzed as filling a phonological gap in the labiovelar series of the consonant system rather than the bilabial series. Proto-Germanic and Proto-Italic are also reconstructed as having had this contrast, albeit with being an allophone for another consonant in both cases. In Bashkir language, it is an intervocal allophone of /b/, and it is contrastive with /w/: балабыҙ - "our child", балауыҙ - "wax".
The bilabial fricative is diachronically unstable (likely to be considerably varied between dialects of a language that makes use of it) and is likely to shift to .
The sound is not the primary realization of any sound in English dialects except for Chicano English, but it can be produced by approximating the normal English between the lips; it can also sometimes occur as an allophone of /v/ after bilabial consonants.
Features
Features of the voiced bilabial fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Voiced bilabial fricative
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akei | 'four' | ||||
| Alekano | hanuva | 'nothing' | |||
| Angor | fufung | 'horn' | |||
| Bengali | Eastern dialects | ভিসা | 'Visa' | Allophone of /v/ in Bangladesh and Tripura; /bʱ/ used in Western dialects. | |
| Berta | 'no' | ||||
| Catalan | abans | 'before' | Approximant or fricative. Allophone of /b/. Mainly found in betacist (/b/ and /v/ merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Chinese dialects | Fuzhou | 初八 chĕ̤ báik |
'eighth day of the month' | Allophone of /p/ and /pʰ/ in certain intervocalic positions. | |
| Suburban Shanghainese | 碗盞 ve tse |
'bowl' | Usually or in other Wu dialects | ||
| Comorian | upvendza | 'to love' | Contrasts with both and | ||
| Coptic | Bohairic | ⲧⲱⲃⲓ | 'brick' | Shifted to [w] with a syllable coda allophone of [b] in a later stage. | |
| Sahidic | ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ | ||||
| Dahalo | 'to want' | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /b/, and may be simply a plosive [b] instead. | |||
| English | Some dialects | upvote | 'upvote' | Less-common allophone of /v/ after , , or (the more-common alteration being the shifting of the earlier consonant to , , or , respectively, although // exist in free variation with //). | |
| Chicano | very | 'very' | May be realized as [b] instead. | ||
| Ewe | Eʋe | 'Ewe' | Contrasts with both and | ||
| Fijian | ivava | 'shoe' | |||
| German | aber | 'but' | Intervocalic and pre-lateral allophone of /b/ in casual speech. See Standard German phonology | ||
| Hopi | tsivot | 'five' | |||
| Japanese | 神戸/kōbe | 'Kobe' | Allophone of /b/ only in fast speech between vowels. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kabyle | bri | 'to cut' | |||
| Kinyarwanda | abana | 'children' | |||
| Korean | 추후/chuhu/追後 | 'later' | Intervocalic allophone of /h/ before /u/ and /w/. See Korean phonology | ||
| Luhya | Wanga Dialect | Nabongo | 'title for a king' | ||
| Mapos Buang | venġévsën | 'prayer' | Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as ⟨v⟩, and the approximant as ⟨w⟩. | ||
| Nepali | सभा | 'Meeting' | Allophone of /bʱ/. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Portuguese | European | sábado | 'Saturday' | Allophone of /b/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Ripuarian | Colognian[citation needed] | wing | 'wine' | Allophone of syllable-initial /v/ for some speakers; can be instead.[citation needed] See Colognian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Logudorese | paba | ⓘ | 'pope' | Intervocalic allophone of /b/ as well as word-initial /p/ when the preceding word ends with a vowel and there is no pause between the words. |
| Turkish | vücut | 'body' | Allophone of /v/ before and after rounded vowels. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Turkmen | watan | 'country' | |||
| Venda | davha | /daβa/ | 'work party held by one who wants to have the land ploughed or cultivated' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/ | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | [example needed] | Allophone of /b/ | ||
Bilabial approximant
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amharic | አበባ | 'flower' | Allophone of /b/ medially between sonorants. | ||
| Asturian | abanicu | 'swing' | Allophone of /b/ | ||
| Basque | alaba | 'daughter' | Allophone of /b/ | ||
| Catalan | abans | 'before' | Approximant or fricative. Allophone of /b/. Mainly found in betacist (/b/ and /v/ merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Japanese | 私/watashi | 'me' | Usually represented phonemically as /w/. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kyrgyz | ооба | 'yes' | Allophone of /b/ medially between vowels. | ||
| Limburgish | wèlle | 'to want' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | ||
| Lombard | el nava via | 'he was going away' | Regular pronunciation of /v/ when intervocalic. Used also as an allophone for other positions. | ||
| Mapos Buang | wabeenġ | 'kind of yam' | Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as {v}, and the approximant as {w}. | ||
| Occitan | Gascon | lavetz | 'then' | Allophone of /b/ | |
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade | sjwaam | 'smoke' | Weakly rounded; contrasts with /v/. See Kerkrade dialect phonology | |
| Spanish | lava | 'lava' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant. Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard | aber | 'problem' | Allophone of /b/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | вона | 'she' | An approximant; the most common prevocalic realization of /w/. Can vary with labiodental [ʋ]. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Peter Ladefoged (1968) A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey, p. 26.
- ^ Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study, vol. 1, p. 79
- ^ Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147. S2CID 151863976.
- ^ a b c d e Mose Lung Rambok and Bruce Hooley (2010). Central Buang‒English Dictionary (PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea Branch. ISBN 978-9980-0-3589-9.
- ^ R.D. Fulk, A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 3 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018), doi:10.1075/sigl.3, ISBN 978 90 272 6312 4, p. 102.
- ^ Silvestri, Domenico (1998), "The Italic Languages", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.), The Indo-European languages, Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 322–344
- ^ Picard (1987:364), citing Pope (1966:92)
- ^ a b Wheeler (2005:10)
- ^ a b Zhuqing (2002:?)
- ^ Zhao, Yuan Ren (1928). 現代吳語的研究 "Study on Modern Wu Chinese". 商務印書館. ISBN 9787100086202.
- ^ a b Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
- ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.. This source mentions only intervocalic .
- ^ Okada (1999:118)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ^ a b (Italian) http://www.antoninurubattu.it/rubattu/grammatica-sarda-italiano-sardo.html Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
- ^ Madiba, M; Nkomo, D (2010-12-13). "The Tshivenda–English Thalusamaipfi/Dictionary as a Product of South African Lexicographic Processes". Lexikos. 20 (1). doi:10.4314/lex.v20i1.62719. hdl:11427/8892. ISSN 1684-4904.
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ a b Hayward & Hayward (1999:48)
- ^ Hualde (1991:99–100)
- ^ Maekawa (2020).
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:155)
- ^ Peters (2006:117)
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:17)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:257)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ Engstrand (2004:167)
- ^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)
References
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